Loaʻa ʻana o ka waihona a me ka hiki ke hana
Hana ʻia ka papa GR12 e like me ke kauoha me nā manawa alakaʻi pōkole. Loaʻa ka waihona coil palena - e kelepona mai iā mākou no ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia manawa. Hana ʻia nā ala hana coil-to-sheet (3-12mm) a me nā ala ʻōwili papa hoʻokahi (>12mm), e hāʻawi ana iā mākou i ka maʻalahi e lawelawe i nā mea āpau mai nā pepa paipu hoʻololi wela a hiki i nā ʻāpana ipu kaomi mānoanoa.
Nā Ala Hana
| Alanui | Mānoanoa | Nā laulā (mm) | Ka lōʻihi (mm) | Kaʻina Hana |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ala 1: Coil-to-Sheet | 3.0 – 12.0 mm | 1,200 / 1,250 / 1,500 / 2,000 | ʻOki-a-loa (a hiki i ka 6,000) | ʻŌwili → Hoʻohālikelike → ʻOki → Pīkī |
| Alanui 2: ʻŌwili Pākahi | 12.1 – 50.0 mm | 1,500 / 2,000 / 2,500 | A hiki i ka 6,000 | Papa → ʻŌwili Wela → Anneal → Pickle/Blast |
| Alanui 2: ʻŌwili Pākahi | 50.1 – 100.0 mm | 1,500 / 2,000 / 2,500 | A hiki i 4,000 | Papa → ʻŌwili Wela → Anneal → Pahū |
No ke aha ʻo GR12 mai ProX Metal
ʻO GR2 ka lio hana o ka honua titanium - ʻo ia ka helu no kahi o 80% o nā hoʻouna titanium āpau. Akā he nāwaliwali koʻikoʻi kona: ka pala o ka crevice ma luna o ~80°C i nā wahi chloride (wai kai, brine, nā kahawai hana chlorinated). I loko o nā māwae - ma nā hui gasket, ma lalo o nā waihona, i nā hui tube-to-tubesheet - e emi ana ka oxygen, ʻaʻole hiki i ka ʻili passive TiO2 ke hana hou, a hoʻomaka ka pala kūloko. Hoʻoponopono piha ʻo GR7 (Ti-0.2Pd) i kēia pilikia, akā ʻo kona ʻike palladium e hoʻolilo iā ia i mea pipiʻi ma mua o GR12 - pinepine ke kumukūʻai ma waho o ka hiki no nā kālā lako ʻoihana.
Nā Kikoʻī ʻenehana
ʻO GR12 (ASTM Grade 12, UNS R53400, TA10) kahi hui titanium kokoke-alpha me kahi hoʻohui Mo+Ni i kaulike pono ʻia. Ua kuhikuhi ʻia ke kemika e hāʻawi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka palaho crevice me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā pono kūlohelohe o ka titanium - haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka palaho laulā, a me ka biocompatibility.
Ka Hoʻohui Kemika (ASTM B265 GR12)
| ʻElemene | Kikoʻī (wt%) | Kūlana Metallurgical |
|---|---|---|
| No | 0.20 – 0.40 | ʻO ka mea hoʻopaʻa anodic - hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou i nā māwae i hoʻopau ʻia e ka oxygen |
| I loko | 0.60 – 0.90 | Hoʻololi Cathodic - hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hydrogen overpotential, hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻili passive |
| Fe | ≤ 0.30 | Ka haumia i kāohi ʻia |
| KA | ≤ 0.25 | Hoʻoikaika interstitial |
| C | ≤ 0.08 | Ka haumia i kāohi ʻia |
| N | ≤ 0.03 | Ka haumia i kāohi ʻia |
| H | ≤ 0.015 | Ua kaupalena ʻia e pale i ka hydride embrittlement |
| O | Kaulike | Metala matrix |
Nā Waiwai Mechanical (Mahana o ka Lumi, Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia)
| Waiwai | GR2 | GR12 (Hōʻike ʻia) | GR7 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ikaika Tensile Rm (MPa) | ≥ 345 | ≥ 483 | ≥ 345 |
| Ikaika Hua Rp0.2 (MPa) | ≥ 275 | ≥ 345 | ≥ 275 |
| Hoʻolōʻihi A (%) | ≥ 20 | ≥ 18 | ≥ 20 |
| Paʻakikī (HB) | ~160 | ~200 | ~160 |
| Ka nui (g/cm³) | 4.51 | 4.51 | 4.51 |
| Ka Mahana Lawelawe Loa. | ~150°C | ~300°C | ~150°C |
Nā Pono Kuʻihao
- Mea hoʻopiha hao: E hoʻohana i ka ERTi-12 (AWS A5.16). MAI hoʻohana i ka ERTi-2 — hoʻoheheʻe ia i ka Mo+Ni i loko o ka waihona weld, e hana ana i kahi ʻāpana palupalu i ka pala.
- Kaʻina Hana: ʻO ka GTAW maʻamau (TIG) me ka pale argon 100%, ka mahana interpass ma lalo o 150°C.
- Ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana: Hoʻomaha i ke koʻikoʻi ma 540–650°C no 1 hola, hoʻomaʻalili i ka ea. Nānā kala wili: kālā/ʻōpuʻu = ʻae ʻia; polū/hina = hōʻole ʻia.
Hoʻohālikelike Papa: GR2 vs. GR12 vs. GR7
Inā ʻoe e noʻonoʻo ana iā GR12, ke hoʻohālikelike nei paha ʻoe iā ia me GR2 (ka papa hana CP) a me GR7 (ka papa kūpaʻa i ka palaho). Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kona wahi. Eia pehea e hoʻoholo ai.
Nā Waiwai Mekanika a me ke Kino
| Waiwai | GR2 (CP Papa 2) | GR12 (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni) | GR7 (Ti-0.2Pd) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ikaika Tensile Rm (MPa) | ≥ 345 | ≥ 483 | ≥ 345 |
| Ikaika Hua Rp0.2 (MPa) | ≥ 275 | ≥ 345 | ≥ 275 |
| Hoʻolōʻihi A (%) | ≥ 20 | ≥ 18 | ≥ 20 |
| Paʻakikī (HB) | ~160 | ~200 | ~160 |
| Ka nui (g/cm³) | 4.51 | 4.51 | 4.51 |
| Ka Mahana Lawelawe Loa. | ~150°C | ~300°C | ~150°C |
Ke kū'ē ʻana i ka palaho
| Kaiapuni | GR2 | GR12 | GR7 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wai kai (>80°C) | Ka pilikia o ka pala o ka crevice | Maikaʻi loa — pale ʻo Mo+Ni i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana | Maikaʻi loa |
| Kai wai wela + chlorine | Ka pilikia nui o ka lua | Maikaʻi–Maikaʻi loa | Maikaʻi loa |
| Hoʻokahe i nā waikawa hoʻemi | ʻilihune - hoʻouka wikiwiki | Maikaʻi (kūlana haʻahaʻa) | Maikaʻi loa |
| Nā wai paʻakai chloride (>100°C) | Ka pilikia o ka pala o ka crevice | Maikaʻi loa | Maikaʻi loa |
| Ka paepae palaho o ka ʻaoʻao | ~82°C | ≤120°C | ~150°C |
Kumukūʻai a me ka Loaʻa
| Kumu | GR2 | GR12 | GR7 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kumukūʻai Mea | $ — ʻOi aku ka hoʻokele waiwai | $$ — Kūlana kiʻekiʻe no ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o Mo+Ni | $$$$ — Hoʻokele ka ʻike o Palladium i ka uku nui |
| Kumukūʻai vs. GR2 | — | ʻO ke kumukūʻai kūpono - i hoʻāpono ʻia e ka pale ʻana i ka palaho crevice | ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kauoha - he metala makamae ka palladium |
| Loaʻa ʻana o ka waihona | Loaʻa nui ʻia — 228T ma ka waihona ProX | Hana ʻia e like me ke kauoha - loaʻa ka waihona coil palena | Kauoha kūikawā - maʻamau nā manawa alakaʻi lōʻihi |
| Ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia | Maikaʻi — ERTi-2 filler, GTAW maʻalahi | Maikaʻi loa - pono ka mea hoʻopihapiha ERTi-12 (MAI hoʻohana i ka ERTi-2) | Maikaʻi loa — mea hoʻopiha ERTi-7 (me ka palladium) |
Rula hoʻoholo: Inā hana kāu lako i nā wahi chloride wela kahi i ʻoi aku ai ka paepae corrosion crevice o GR2 (~82°C) → koho iā GR12. Inā pili kāu kaʻina hana i nā waikawa hoʻemi ikaika (HCl wela, H2SO4 i hoʻohuihui ʻia) → koho iā GR7. No nā noi titanium ʻoihana ʻē aʻe a pau, ʻo GR2 ke koho waiwai loa a loaʻa nui ʻia.
ʻAʻole maopopo i ka papa hea? E nīnau i kā mākou ʻenekinia →
Nā Noi ʻOihana
ʻO ka synergy Mo+Ni o GR12 ka mea i koho ʻia no nā lako e hana ana i nā wahi chloride wela kahi i ʻoi aku ai ka paepae corrosion crevice o GR2 (~82°C) akā kahi i kūpono ʻole ai ka premium palladium o GR7. ʻO kēia nā noi kahi e hāʻawi ai ʻo GR12 i ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa.
Nā Pepa Paipu Hoʻololi Wela a me nā Pūpū
Ma nā hale hana desalination MED/MSF, ua hōʻike ʻia nā pepa paipu i ka wai kai wela ma kekahi ʻaoʻao a me ka mahu ma kekahi ʻaoʻao. Kūʻē nā pepa paipu GR12 (20-60mm) i ka pala o ka crevice ma nā hui paipu-a-paipu-pepa - ʻo ia ka wahi palupalu loa ma ka mea hoʻololi wela holoʻokoʻa. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ʻo ASME SB-265 no nā kīʻaha kaomi coded a hiki i ka 300°C.
- Pae mānoanoa: 20-60mm maʻamau no nā pepa paipu
- Kūʻē i ka pala o ka crevice ma nā hui hoʻonui paipu kahi i hāʻule ai ʻo GR2
- Kūlike ʻo ASME SB-265 no nā noi ipu kaomi i hoʻopili ʻia
- Ka mahana lawelawe a hiki i ka 300°C — ka palena pālua o GR2
Nā Mea Hana Kemika a me nā Ipu Paʻi
ʻO nā kaʻina hana e pili ana i nā mea olaola chlorinated, nā intermediates acidic, a i ʻole ka redox cycling e pono ai kahi palena palekana ʻaʻole hiki iā GR2 ke hāʻawi. Hāʻawi ka Mo-Ni synergy o GR12 i ka pale mau ma o ka pōʻaiapuni oxidation-reduction piha - mai ka oxidizing a i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kūlana a me ke kua, me ka ʻole o ka nalowale ʻana o ka pono o ka ʻili passive.
- Hoʻokele i nā wahi paikikala redox e hoʻopau ai i ke kiʻi passive o GR2
- ʻO ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe he 40% ma mua o GR2 e ʻae i nā paia kīʻaha koko lahilahi ma lalo o ka ʻĀpana VIII ASME
- ʻO kahi koho kūpono no GR7 no ka hapa nui o nā kahawai hana kemika
- Ka hiki ke hahai piha ʻia me EN 10204 3.1 MTC no kēlā me kēia wela
Nā Paipu Wai Kai a me nā Flanges
ʻO nā flanges GR2 i ka lawelawe wai kai ma luna o 80°C he wahi hāʻule i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Hoʻopau nā flanges GR12 i kēia pilikia ma kahi hapa o ke kumukūʻai o GR7. Nui nā kikoʻī mea kahua pae kai e koi pono ana iā GR12 no nā paipu wai kai wela - kahi hoʻohana ʻana i alakaʻi ʻia e nā kikoʻī e hōʻike ana i nā makahiki o ka ʻikepili hāʻule kahua.
- Hoʻopau i ka pala o ka crevice ma nā ʻili gasket flange i loko o ka wai kai wela
- Ke hoʻākāka nui ʻia nei e nā mea lawelawe nui ma waho no ka lawelawe wai wela
- ʻOi aku ka hoʻokele waiwai ma mua o GR7 me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hana like ma ke kahua
- Kūlike me nā paipu GR2 ma o nā hui hoʻololi weld ERTi-12
Nā lako hana Hydrometallurgical
I loko o nā mea kanu nickel laterite a me ke keleawe SX-EW, hoʻololi nā kahawai hana ma waena o nā kūlana acidic a me nā kūlana neutral. Hoʻokele ʻo GR12 i kēia mau redox swings me ka ʻole o ka uku hoʻopaʻi o GR7. Mālama ka Mo+Ni synergy i ke kūpaʻa kiʻi passive ma waena o ka pH piha a me ka laulā hiki ke loaʻa i nā kaapuni leaching, extraction, a me electrowinning.
- Kūʻē i ka hoʻololi ʻakika ma SX-EW a me nā kaapuni leaching
- ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kumukūʻai o ka loaʻa ʻana ma mua o GR7 no ke ola lawelawe like
- Hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā autoclaves, nā kīʻaha, a me nā piping i nā kaapuni oxidation pressure
- Loaʻa ka palapala hōʻoia pālua-maʻamau (ASTM B265 / GB/T 3621 TA10)
Ka hoʻokeʻokeʻo ʻana i ka pulp a me ka pepa
Hoʻoulu nā pae hoʻokeʻokeʻo chlorine dioxide a me hypochlorite i nā wahi oxidative kiʻekiʻe, waiwai i ka chloride. Ua hōʻike ʻo GR12 i nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka lawelawe hilinaʻi i nā mea holoi hale hana bleach, nā hale kiaʻi, a me nā paipu hana. Hāʻawi ka hoʻohui Mo+Ni i kahi palena palekana koʻikoʻi e kūʻē i ka corrosion crevice e hiki ke hoʻomaka ma lalo o nā waihona i loko o nā lako hana bleach.
- Ua hōʻoia ʻia ke ola lawelawe he nui nā makahiki ma nā wahi ClO2 a me hypochlorite
- Kūʻē i ka palaho crevice ma lalo o ka waiho ʻana i loko o nā mea holoi bleach a me nā hale kiaʻi
- Hoʻololi pololei no GR2 i nā papahana hoʻonui - nā ʻano hana like
- Nā mālama kālā koʻikoʻi vs GR7 no ka hana like ʻana o ka palaho
Ka Hana ʻana i ka Waiwai Hoʻohui - Mākaukau no kāu Laina Hana
ʻAʻole pono ka hapa nui o nā mea kūʻai GR12 i ka "pā titanium" - pono lākou i nā mea i mākaukau e hānai pololei i kā lākou laina hana. Hāʻawi ʻo ProX Metal i ka hana kūloko no ka pā GR12 e hoʻopau ana i nā hana lua ma kou hopena. ʻŌnaehana maikaʻi like, hiki ke hahai piha ʻia mai ka ingot a i ka ʻāpana i hoʻopau ʻia.
ʻOki pololei
ʻOki ʻia ka papa GR12 i hana ʻia me ka wili i kou laulā pololei. Hoʻomanawanui paʻa, nā lihi maʻemaʻe, ka laulā kūlike ma ka lōʻihi piha. Kūpono no nā ʻāpana pepa paipu, nā apo flange, a me nā hana hana hou kahi e mālama ai ka laulā kūlike i ka hana ma hope.
ʻOki-a-Lōʻihi (CTL)
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka wili, hoʻohālikelike ʻia, a ʻokiʻoki i ka lōʻihi o kāu pepa i kuhikuhi ʻia. Palahalaha, huinahā, mākaukau no kāu kahua paʻi paʻi a i ʻole ke kahua wili. Hoʻopau i ka ʻoki ʻana i loko o ka hale, ka lawelawe ʻana i nā mea, a me ka nalowale o ka hāʻule ʻana.
ʻOki ʻana i ke ʻano maʻamau
ʻO ka ʻoki ʻana i ka wai a i ʻole ka plasma i kāu kaha kiʻi. Nā pepa hakahaka paipu me nā ʻano puka bolt, nā apo flange, nā ʻano gasket paʻakikī - hāʻawi mākou i nā ʻāpana e hele pololei i ka mīkini a i ʻole ka ʻākoakoa.
ʻIkepili Hana Hana a me ka ʻIkepili Hana Maoli
Moʻolelo Hana Maoli — Mei 2026
46 ʻĀpana, 3,880 kg o ka Pā TA10 (GR12) — 19 Ana Hana Maʻamau
I Mei 2026, ua hoʻopau ʻo ProX Metal i kahi holo hana o 46 mau ʻāpana o ka pā TA10 (GR12) 3.0 × 1500mm me ka huina o 3,880 kg. Ua komo pū ke kauoha me 19 mau ana ʻoki like ʻole mai 1,500mm a 5,230mm - e hōʻike ana i ko mākou hiki ke hāʻawi i ka pā GR12 maʻamau no nā mea kūʻai lako kemika e pono ai nā nui kikoʻī i mākaukau no ka hana ʻana.
| Nā kikoʻī | Nā ʻāpana | Kaumaha ʻĀpana | Huina liʻiliʻi |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3.0 × 1500 × 5000 mm | 20 | 101.4 kg | 2,028.0 kg |
| 3.0 × 1500 × 3920 mm | 4 | 79.5 kg | 318.0 kg |
| 3.0 × 1500 × 4230 mm | 4 | 85.8 kg | 343.2 kg |
| 3.0 × 1500 × 5230 mm | 1 | 106.1 kg | 106.1 kg |
| + 15 mau nui hou aʻe | 17 | — | ~1,085 kg |
| Huina | 46 | ~3,880 kg |
Nā Palapala Hōʻoia a me ka Hōʻoiaʻiʻo Kūlana
- ISO 9001:2015 — ʻŌnaehana hoʻokele maikaʻi i hōʻoia ʻia (Helu Palapala: RLAC25Q1L0163R0S)
- EN 10204 3.1 MTC — Kūlana maʻamau me kēlā me kēia ukana; hoʻokomo pū i ka kemika maoli a me ka ʻikepili mechanical no kēlā me kēia wela
- EN 10204 3.2 — Loaʻa me ka hōʻoia ʻaoʻao ʻekolu o TÜV/SGS/BV/Lloyd ma ke noi
- 100% PUKA — Hoʻāʻo Ultrasonic no nā papa āpau ≥10mm e like me ASTM E2375 / SEP 1925
- PMI — Ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea maikaʻi ma ke noi no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka metala
- Ka loiloi kemika piha (OES) + hoʻāʻo mīkini no kēlā me kēia wela - kēlā me kēia pūʻulu, i kēlā me kēia manawa
ʻŌpala Kūlana Hoʻokuʻu Aku
- Pahu lāʻau plywood ma ke kumu pallet kila - paʻa, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia, mākaukau no ka forklift
- Nā kaula kila a puni ka ʻaoʻao o waho o ka pahu no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana
- Hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia papa me kahi mea pale e pale aku i ka hoʻopā ʻana i ka ʻili
- ʻUhi pepa anti-moisture i loko o ka pahu
- E hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā māka hoʻouna a me nā lepili lawelawe ma nā ʻaoʻao a pau
- Pūʻolo maʻamau: sila ʻana i ka mīkini hoʻomaʻemaʻe, kāʻei pākahi, nā ana pahu maʻamau
Kahi Kūlana: Baoji Titanium Valley
Aia ke keʻena nui o ProX Metal ma Baoji, ka Panalāʻau ʻo Shaanxi — i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ʻo "Kina's Titanium Valley." Hāʻawi kēia wahi hoʻolālā iā mākou i ke komo pololei ʻana i ke kaulahao lako titanium i hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia o ka honua, ka poʻe hana akamai, a me nā ʻoihana logistics. Ma luna o 60% o ka hiki ke hana titanium o Kina aia i loko o kahi radius 50km o kā mākou hale hana. Mai ka ingot a i ka pā i hoʻopau ʻia, hana ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu ma Titanium Valley — e hōʻoia ana i ka kaohi maikaʻi, ke kumukūʻai hoʻokūkū, a me ka lawe wikiwiki ʻana.
Nā Nīnau i Nīnau Pinepine ʻia
Q: He aha ka papa titanium GR12?
A: ʻO GR12 (ASTM Grade 12, UNS R53400, ka inoa Kina TA10, EN 3.7105) he hui titanium kokoke-alpha e loaʻa ana he 0.3% molybdenum a me 0.8% nickel. Hāʻawi ka hoʻohui Mo+Ni i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka palaho crevice i nā wahi chloride wela - kahi hiki i nele i nā papa maʻemaʻe kūʻai (GR1–GR4) - ma kahi o hoʻokahi-ʻumikūmākahi o ke kumukūʻai o ka palladium-alloyed GR7.
Q: ʻEhia ke kumukūʻai o GR12 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me GR2 a me GR7?
A: Loaʻa iā GR12 kahi uku kūpono ma mua o GR2, e hōʻike ana i ka Mo+Ni alloying e hāʻawi ana i ke kūpaʻa i ka corrosion crevice hiki ʻole iā GR2 ke hāʻawi. ʻO GR7, ma ke ʻano ʻē aʻe, kauoha i kahi uku nui ma muli o kona ʻike palladium - pinepine kahi kauoha o ka nui ma luna o GR12. Ma nā ʻōlelo kūpono: ʻO GR12 ka pae hoʻokele waiwai mai GR2 no ka lawelawe chloride wela; Mālama ʻia ʻo GR7 no nā wahi waikawa hoʻemi ikaika loa kahi e hana ai ka palladium wale nō. E kāhea iā mākou no kahi ʻōlelo kūʻai o kēia manawa e pili ana i kou mānoanoa a me ka nui kikoʻī.
Q: ʻOi aku ka ikaika o GR12 ma mua o GR2?
ʻAe. ʻO ka ikaika tensile liʻiliʻi loa o GR12 he 483 MPa e kūʻē i ka 345 MPa o GR2 (40% kiʻekiʻe aʻe) a me ka ikaika yield liʻiliʻi loa o 345 MPa e kūʻē i ka 275 MPa o GR2 (25% kiʻekiʻe aʻe). ʻAe kēia i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ka paia i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā ipu kaomi ma lalo o ka ʻĀpana VIII o ASME, hiki ke hoʻopau i ke kumukūʻai o nā mea.
Q: Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ʻo GR12 i GR2?
A: ʻAe. Hoʻopili piha ʻia ʻo GR12 lāua ʻo GR2 no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana. ʻO ke koi koʻikoʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uea hoʻopihapiha ERTi-12 (AWS A5.16) - ʻaʻole ʻo ERTi-2. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻopihapiha GR2 e hoʻoheheʻe i ka Mo a me Ni i loko o ka waihona hoʻoheheʻe, e hana ana i kahi ʻāpana i maʻalahi i ka pala o ka crevice. ʻO ke kaʻina hana i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka GTAW maʻamau (TIG) me ka pale argon.
Q: He aha ka like o GR12 ma ke ʻano maʻamau Kina?
A: Pili ʻo GR12 iā TA10 ma lalo o GB/T 3621. Hāʻawi ʻo ProX Metal iā GR12/TA10 me ka palapala hōʻoia dual-standard, e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā papahana e pili ana i nā kikoʻī ASTM a i ʻole GB/T.
Q: He aha ka mahana lawelawe kiʻekiʻe loa o GR12?
A: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo GR12 a hiki i kahi o 300°C i ka lawelawe ʻoihana - pālua ka palena maʻamau no GR2 a me GR7 (~150°C no ka lawelawe palaho). Hōʻike kēia i ka paʻa ʻana o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe o GR12 i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe. No nā noi aerospace kūkulu ma luna o 300°C, pono e loiloi ʻia ʻo GR5 (Ti-6Al-4V).
Ua mākaukau ʻoe e hoʻonui mai GR2 a i GR12?
E haʻi mai iā mākou i kou mānoanoa, nā ana, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana - e hoʻihoʻi mākou i kahi ʻōlelo hoʻokūkū i loko o 24 mau hola.
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