ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma hope o ka Titanium Tube Chemical Inertness: Pehea e lawelawe ai kekahi mea i nā haneli o nā wai ʻino

Ma nā hale hana kemika, nā hale hana lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā kahua ma waho o ke kai, ke kū nei nā ʻenekinia i kahi pilikia mau loa: pono nā paipu i hana ʻia mai nā mea like ʻole no nā ʻano media like ʻole—hoʻokahi papa no ka waikawa hydrochloric, kekahi no ka waikawa nitric, a ʻo kekahi no ka brine. Hoʻopau ʻia kahi hui hale hana piha hoʻokahi me kahi hui haunaele o nā mea paipu, e lawe mai ana i ke kūʻai paʻakikī, ka waihona nui a me ka kaohi mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻokele.

Ka hiki ʻana mai o Nā Paipu Titanium ua hāʻawi mai i kahi hopena kokoke i ka honua holoʻokoʻa no kēia pilikia.

I. Ka Mea Huna i ka Inertness Kemika: He Uhi Palekana Hoʻōla-Hoʻōla Ponoʻī he 5 Nanometers wale nō ka Mānoanoa

Hiki i ka Titanium ke kū i nā haneli o nā mea ʻawaʻawa mahalo i kahi ʻili ʻokikene titanium dioxide (TiO₂) lahilahi e ana ana i 5 a 20 nanometers wale nō ma luna o kona ʻili.

He metala hana kemika nui ka Titanium, kahi e hoʻolilo ai iā ia i mea maʻalahi i ka pala. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, hana kona reactivity kiʻekiʻe i kona pono: i ka wā e hoʻopili ʻia ai i ka ea a i ʻole nā ​​​​wai i loaʻa ka oxygen, hana koke ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide paʻa loa, pili ikaika a inert kemika ma luna o kona ʻili, e pale piha ana i ka substrate titanium ma lalo mai ka ʻino.

ʻOi aku ka mea kupaianaha ka hiki o ka ʻili ke hoʻoponopono ponoʻī. Inā hōʻino ka ʻūlū mechanical a i ʻole ka hoʻouka kemika i kahi e hōʻino ai i ka papa pale, e hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia ka substrate titanium i hōʻike ʻia i ka wā e hoʻopili ai me ka wai hana e hana hou i kahi uhi pale hou. Mālama kēia ʻili oxide i kona mau waiwai pale i nā mahana a hiki i 315 °C.

ʻO kēia ʻano koʻikoʻi ka mea e hiki ai i nā paipu titanium ke hāʻawi i ka hana hilinaʻi ma waena o kahi ākea o nā wahi lawelawe.

II. Hana o nā Paipu Titanium ma nā ʻĀpana Nui ʻEwalu o ka Media

1. Nā ʻakika hoʻomake (ʻakika Nitric, ʻakika Chromic, a pēlā aku)

Hōʻike ka Titanium i ke kūpaʻa koʻikoʻi i nā wahi waikawa oxidizing. Ua hana nā mea hoʻololi wela Titanium no nā makahiki me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka pala i loko o ka 60% waikawa nitric ma kahi o 193 °C. Ma ka mahana ambient me 50% waikawa nitric, ʻo ka nui o ka pala makahiki o nā paipu titanium he emi ma mua o 0.01 mm, ʻoiai ʻo ke kila kila 316L e ʻeha ana i ka nui o ka pala ma luna o 0.1 mm. Mālama ʻo Titanium i ke ola lawelawe paʻa i loko o ka waikawa nitric o nā ʻano āpau mai ka mahana o ka lumi a hiki i ka paila.

2. Hoʻemi i nā ʻakika (ʻakika Hydrochloric, ʻakika Sulfuric, ʻakika Phosphoric)

Hōʻike kēia māhele i ka palena hana mua o ka titanium, akā hiki nō ke ola ka titanium me ke koho kūpono. Hāʻawi ka titanium maʻemaʻe ma ke kālepa Grade TA2 i ka lawelawe paʻa lōʻihi i ka waikawa sulfuric ma nā ʻano ≤50% a me ka waikawa hydrochloric dilute i ka mahana o ka lumi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​ʻano waikawa kiʻekiʻe e pono ai nā hoʻonui i ka Papa TA10 (i hoʻohui ʻia me ka molybdenum a me ka nickel) a i ʻole ka Papa TA9 (palladium-alloyed). Haʻaheo ʻo TA10 i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o TA2 i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka media, ʻoiai ke kūpaʻa koʻikoʻi i ka crevice corrosion.

3. Nā Wai Chloride (Wai Kai, Brine, Kinoea Chlorine Makū)

ʻO nā kaiapuni chloride ka ʻāpana noi nui o ka titanium. I loko o ka hopena sodium chloride 3.5%, hāʻule ka helu pala o nā paipu titanium ma lalo o 0.01 mm, e hāʻule ana i lalo o 0.001 mm i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka wai kai e kahe mau ana. He mea kupaianaha like kona kūpaʻa ʻana i ka chlorine pulu wela kiʻekiʻe: ʻo ka helu pala he 0.000565 mm/makahiki wale nō i ka wai chlorine ma ka mahana ambient, e piʻi ana i 0.00431 mm/makahiki ma 80 °C. No 95% chlorine pulu ma ka mahana o ka lumi, ʻo ka helu pala he haʻahaʻa e like me 0.00096 mm/makahiki.

4. Nā Hoʻonā Alkaline

Hana maikaʻi ka Titanium e kūʻē i nā alkalis dilute. Kūpaʻa nā paipu titanium maʻemaʻe i ka 30% sodium hydroxide solution ma lalo o 100 °C, akā hōʻike i ke kūpaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā media alkaline wela a paʻa loa.

5. Nā ʻakika organik

Kūʻē ka Titanium i ka hapa nui o nā waikawa organik a hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka lawe ʻana i nā mea hana ma o ka paipu e like me ka waikawa formic, ka waikawa acetic a me ka propylene oxide i nā papahana kemika. ʻO nā mea ʻokoʻa e komo pū me ka waikawa formic e hoʻolapalapa ana a me ka waikawa oxalic, kahi e hiki ai ke ana ʻia ka pala o ka titanium.

6. Nā Hoʻonā Paʻakai Inorganic

Mālama ʻo Titanium i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka pala i ka hapa nui o nā hopena paʻakai inorganic, me ka hana paʻa i nā media kūlike ʻole a me ka hoʻemi nāwaliwali.

7. Wai Ultrapure a me ka Media Hana Maʻemaʻe Kiʻekiʻe

ʻO ka waiwai o Titanium o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ion metala ʻole e lilo ia i mea paipu kūpono no ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hana ʻana i ka wai maʻemaʻe loa. ʻAʻohe mea ʻawahia a hōʻike i ka biocompatibility maikaʻi loa me nā ʻiʻo kanaka a me ke koko.

8. ʻO kona ʻenemi kūlohelohe wale nō: ʻo ka waikawa Hydrofluoric

Hoʻoulu ka waikawa hydrofluoric i ka pala nui i ka titanium me ka nānā ʻole i ka nui a i ʻole ka mahana. Pono nō hoʻi ke akahele nui i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka titanium i nā wahi wela kiʻekiʻe, ka waikawa hydrochloric kiʻekiʻe a me ka waikawa sulfuric.

Palapala Kuhikuhi wikiwiki no ke kū'ē'ē'ana i ka palaho no nā paipu Titanium ma nā Media like'ole

Nā Nīnau i Nīnau Pinepine ʻia

Q1: Hiki i nā paipu titanium ke kū i nā mea ʻino a pau ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa?

A: ʻAʻole. Hāʻawi ʻo Titanium i ka hana maikaʻi loa i nā media oxidizing, nā hopena chloride, ka hapa nui o nā waikawa organik a me nā alkalis dilute, akā ʻaʻole kūpono loa ia no ka waikawa hydrofluoric. Pono ka loiloi koʻikoʻi no ka lawelawe hydrochloric a me ka sulfuric acid wela a nui. ʻO kona "kūlike honua" he pono pili: i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila kila a me nā mea hao keleawe, uhi ka titanium i kahi ākea o nā media, akā pono e mahalo ʻia nā palena ʻepekema mea.

Q2: Ma waena o nā paipu titanium TA2 a me TC4, ʻo wai ka mea e hāʻawi ana i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka pala?

A: Hāʻawi ʻo TA2 i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala. ʻOiai ʻo TC4 ka ikaika tensile kiʻekiʻe loa (ʻoi aku ma mua o ka pālua o TA2), ʻo kona kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala he haʻahaʻa loa. No nā wahi pala koʻikoʻi e like me ka waikawa hydrochloric i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, pono e hoʻohana ʻia ʻo TC4 me ke akahele loa a i ʻole e hui pū ʻia me nā uhi anti-corrosion. Kuhikuhi koho: e hoʻoikaika i ka titanium maʻemaʻe no ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala; koho ʻO ke kinikini titaniums ke koi nui ʻia ka ikaika mechanical.

Q3: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōmole titanium i ka lawelawe waikawa hydrochloric?

A: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana i kāohi ʻia. Hana pono ʻo TA2 no ka manawa lōʻihi i ka waikawa hydrochloric haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma ka mahana ambient. Pono ke hoʻololi ʻana i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​hui waikawa i TA10 a i ʻole TA9. Paipai ikaika ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka pala e kūlike ana i nā kūlana hana maoli (hui, mahana, ʻike oxygen) no ka hōʻoia.

Q4: E alakaʻi anei nā ʻōpala ma nā ʻili o ka paipu titanium i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka popo?

A: ʻAʻole e ulu ka ʻōpala o ka Titanium, akā naʻe, pono e nānā ʻia ka pōʻino o ka ʻili i ka wā o ke kau ʻana a me ka hana ʻana. Loaʻa i ka ʻili titanium oxide ka hana hoʻoponopono ponoʻī: i ka wā i hōʻino ʻia ma kahi kūloko, hoʻihoʻi koke ka substrate titanium i hōʻike ʻia i ka wā e pili ana me ka wai i loaʻa ka oxygen e hana hou i kahi pale pale. Eia nō naʻe, he pilikia koʻikoʻi ka haumia hao: hoʻopilikia nā waihona hao ma nā ʻili titanium i ke ʻano like o ka ʻili oxide, e hana ana i nā kahawai no ka permeation hydrogen a hoʻoulu i ka hydrogen embrittlement. Pono e hana ʻia nā hana koʻikoʻi e pale aku i ka pili ʻana ma waena o nā mea hana ferrous a me nā ʻili paipu titanium i ka wā o ka mīkini a me ke kau ʻana.

Hopena

Loaʻa i nā paipu Titanium ko lākou kaulana ma ke ʻano he mea paipu ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa ʻaʻole ma o nā koi kūʻai aku, akā ʻo ka inertness kemika i hāʻawi ʻia e kā lākou kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide pale 5-nanometer. ʻO hoʻokahi mea hoʻokahi e kūpono me nā haneli o nā wai ʻino ʻaʻole ia he moʻolelo kūʻai aku - ua hōʻoia ʻia ka ʻepekema mea.

ProX Metal ʻAʻole wale nā ​​​​paipu titanium e hoʻolako, akā ʻo nā lawelawe hoʻohālikelike pololei ʻekolu-dimensional e uhi ana i ke ʻano media, ka papa alloy a me nā kūlana hana. Paipai mākou i nā papa titanium kūpono a me nā kikoʻī i hoʻopilikino ʻia i kāu mau kaʻina hana kūikawā, e ʻae iā ʻoe e hoʻohana piha i nā pono inertness kemika o ka titanium i kāu ʻōnaehana. ʻAʻole hilinaʻi ka hana honua maoli i hoʻokahi papa paipu no nā noi āpau, akā e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka paipu titanium kūpono i kēlā me kēia medium corrosive kikoʻī.